Prioritizing COVID-19 tests based on participatory surveillance and spatial scanning.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to identify, describe and analyze priority areas for COVID-19 testing combining participatory surveillance and traditional surveillance. DESIGN: It was carried out a descriptive transversal study in the city of Caruaru, Pernambuco state, Brazil, within the period of 20/02/2020 to 05/05/2020. Data included all official reports for influenza-like illness notified by the municipality health department and the self-reports collected through the participatory surveillance platform Brasil Sem Corona. METHODS: We used linear regression and loess regression to verify a correlation between Participatory Surveillance (PS) and Traditional Surveillance (TS). Also a spatial scanning approach was deployed in order to identify risk clusters for COVID-19. RESULTS: In Caruaru, the PS had 861 active users, presenting an average of 1.2 reports per user per week. The platform Brasil Sem Corona started on March 20th and since then, has been officially used by the Caruaru health authority to improve the quality of information from the traditional surveillance system. Regarding the respiratory syndrome cases from TS, 1588 individuals were positive for this clinical outcome. The spatial scanning analysis detected 18 clusters and 6 of them presented statistical significance (p-value < 0.1). Clusters 3 and 4 presented an overlapping area that was chosen by the local authority to deploy the COVID-19 serology, where 50 individuals were tested. From there, 32 % (n = 16) presented reagent results for antibodies related to COVID-19. CONCLUSION: Participatory surveillance is an effective epidemiological method to complement the traditional surveillance system in response to the COVID-19 pandemic by adding real-time spatial data to detect priority areas for COVID-19 testing.

Estudo das agressões por cães, segundo tipo de interação entre cão e vítima, e das circunstâncias motivadoras dos acidentes, município de São Paulo, 2008 a 2009 / Study of aggression by dogs, according to the kind of interaction between dog and victim and motivating circumstances in the accidents, Municipality of São Paulo, 2008 to 2009

Caracterizaram-se as agressões por cães, o perfil das vítimas e dos agressores e as circunstâncias desses acidentes. Calculou-se a amostra aleatória a partir de 20 mil notificações/ano de agressões por cães e realizaram-se 594 entrevistas telefônicas. A maior frequência de agressões ocorreu no sexo masculino, faixa etária de cinco a 14 anos. Lesões leves representaram 80,4%. As profundas (19,1%) ocorreram por cães de porte médio seguidas pelos de grande porte. A maioria dos cães era macho adulto, porte médio. Dos entrevistados, 52,5% desconheciam a condição reprodutiva; 41,0% dos cães não eram esterilizados e 6,4% eram esterilizados. Cães sem raça definida (SRD) provocaram 48,4% dos acidentes, e 57,6% das agressões ocorreram em locais privados. Em 56,2% das agressões, as vítimas eram moradoras do imóvel ou pessoas conhecidas. Com animais não conhecidos a agressão mais frequente ocorreu na rua, 30,8%, e 67,5% dos donos permaneceram com os animais. As agressões foram resultantes da interação homem-cão e devem ser estudadas para se identificarem os possíveis comportamentos que desencadeiam a agressão pelo animal.(AU)

This study aimed to characterize aggression by dogs, the profile of victims, and perpetrators and circumstances of these accidents. Understanding the interaction between victims and aggressive dogs contributes to preventing aggression. The random sample from 20.000 reports / year of attacks by dogs was calculated and 594 telephone interviews were conducted. The highest frequency of assaults occurred in males from 5 to 14 years of age. Non-severe injuries represented 80.4%. Deep lesions (19.1%) were caused by medium and large dogs. Most dogs were medium size adult males. Of the respondents, 52.5% were unaware of the reproductive condition, 41.0% of dogs were not sterilized and 6.4% were sterilized. Dogs without defined race caused 48.4% of accidents and 57.6% of assaults occurred in private places. In 56.2% assault victims were residents of the property or known people. Aggressions from unknown animals were more frequent on the street (30.8%). 67.5% remained with the animals' owners. The attacks were the result of interaction between man and dog and should be studied to identify which human and canine behaviors can trigger accidents, to understand how the interaction occurs in different situations whithin the same household, with acquaintances, on the street, and with unknown animals. Educational approaches detailing risks and prevention methods are essential.(AU)

Estudo das agressões por cães, segundo tipo de interação entre cão e vítima, e das circunstâncias motivadoras dos acidentes, município de São Paulo, 2008 a 2009 / Study of aggression by dogs, according to the kind of interaction between dog and victim and motivating circumstances in the accidents, Municipality of São Paulo, 2008 to 2009

Caracterizaram-se as agressões por cães, o perfil das vítimas e dos agressores e as circunstâncias desses acidentes. Calculou-se a amostra aleatória a partir de 20 mil notificações/ano de agressões por cães e realizaram-se 594 entrevistas telefônicas. A maior frequência de agressões ocorreu no sexo masculino, faixa etária de cinco a 14 anos. Lesões leves representaram 80,4%. As profundas (19,1%) ocorreram por cães de porte médio seguidas pelos de grande porte. A maioria dos cães era macho adulto, porte médio. Dos entrevistados, 52,5% desconheciam a condição reprodutiva; 41,0% dos cães não eram esterilizados e 6,4% eram esterilizados. Cães sem raça definida (SRD) provocaram 48,4% dos acidentes, e 57,6% das agressões ocorreram em locais privados. Em 56,2% das agressões, as vítimas eram moradoras do imóvel ou pessoas conhecidas. Com animais não conhecidos a agressão mais frequente ocorreu na rua, 30,8%, e 67,5% dos donos permaneceram com os animais. As agressões foram resultantes da interação homem-cão e devem ser estudadas para se identificarem os possíveis comportamentos que desencadeiam a agressão pelo animal.

This study aimed to characterize aggression by dogs, the profile of victims, and perpetrators and circumstances of these accidents. Understanding the interaction between victims and aggressive dogs contributes to preventing aggression. The random sample from 20.000 reports / year of attacks by dogs was calculated and 594 telephone interviews were conducted. The highest frequency of assaults occurred in males from 5 to 14 years of age. Non-severe injuries represented 80.4%. Deep lesions (19.1%) were caused by medium and large dogs. Most dogs were medium size adult males. Of the respondents, 52.5% were unaware of the reproductive condition, 41.0% of dogs were not sterilized and 6.4% were sterilized. Dogs without defined race caused 48.4% of accidents and 57.6% of assaults occurred in private places. In 56.2% assault victims were residents of the property or known people. Aggressions from unknown animals were more frequent on the street (30.8%). 67.5% remained with the animals' owners. The attacks were the result of interaction between man and dog and should be studied to identify which human and canine behaviors can trigger accidents, to understand how the interaction occurs in different situations whithin the same household, with acquaintances, on the street, and with unknown animals. Educational approaches detailing risks and prevention methods are essential.